A relatively large sensor, bright lens, fast readout, controlled ISO processing, and a high enough bitrate make an action camera good in low light. The camera must gather enough light while keeping shutter speed fast enough for movement, because a bright but blurred frame is not useful for action footage.
HDR and 10-bit modes can preserve signs, streetlights, sunsets, and shadow detail, but they do not replace sensor area or good exposure control. Electronic stabilization also needs sharp source frames and spare sensor area, so its strongest setting may crop the image, raise noise, or warp edges when shutter speed becomes too slow. Look for real moving samples at the exact 4K mode you plan to use, plus controls for maximum ISO, exposure compensation, shutter limits, noise reduction, and color profile.
How important are sensor size and lens aperture in low light?
Sensor size and lens aperture are very important in low light because together they determine how much light reaches each frame, but neither specification guarantees clean action footage by itself.
A larger sensor usually provides more light-sensitive area, better highlight retention, and less aggressive noise reduction at the same output size. Sensor labels must be compared carefully: a 1-inch or 1/1.3-inch sensor is generally larger than a 1/2.3-inch sensor, but the camera may use only part of that area in cropped stabilization or high-frame-rate modes.
A lower f-number such as f/1.8 or f/2.0 admits more light than f/2.8 or f/4.0 when focal length and transmission are comparable. The benefit can be reduced by soft optics, fixed-focus errors, flare, or a field of view that is too wide for the intended composition.
Readout speed, pixel binning, shutter control, bitrate, codec, and noise processing determine how effectively the camera uses the captured light. A smaller sensor with a sharp lens and restrained processing can therefore preserve moving detail better than a larger sensor that relies on slow shutters and heavy smoothing.